Criticism of medicine has a long history. In the Middle Ages some people did not consider it a profession suitable for Christians as disease was often considered Godsent. God was considered to be the divine physician who sent illness or healing depending on his will. However many monastic orders particularly the Benedictines considered the care of the sick as their chief work of mercy. Barbersurgeons generally had a bad reputation that was not to improve until the development of academic surgery as a speciality of medicine rather than an accessory field.citation needed Through the course of the twentieth century healthcare providers focused increasingly on the technology that was enabling them to make dramatic improvements in patients health. The ensuing development of a more mechanistic detached practice with the perception of an attendant loss of patientfocused care known as the medical model of health led to further criticisms. This issue started to reach collective professional consciousness in the s and the profession had begun to respond by the s and s.citation needed
The noted anarchist Ivan Illich heavily criticized modern medicine. In his work Medical Nemesis Illich stated that modern medicine medicalises disease and causes loss of health and wellness while generally failing to restore health by eliminating disease. This medicalisation of disease forces the human to become a lifelong patient. Other less radical philosophers have voiced similar views but none were as virulent as Illich. Another example can be found in Technopoly The Surrender of Culture to Technology by Neil Postman which criticises overreliance on technological means in medicine.citation neededCriticism of modern medicine has led to some improvements in the curricula of medical schoolscitation needed which now teach students systematically on medical ethics holistic approaches to medicine the biopsychosocial model and similar concepts.
The inability of modern medicine to properly address some common complaints continues to prompt many people to seek support from alternative medicine. Although most alternative approaches lack scientific validation some may be effective in individual cases. Some physicians combine alternative medicine with orthodox approaches.
Medical errors and overmedication are also the focus of many complaints and negative coverage. Practitioners of human factors engineering believe that there is much that medicine may usefully gain by emulating concepts in aviation safety where it was long ago realized that it is dangerous to place too much responsibility on one superhuman individual and expect him or her not to make errors. Reporting systems and checking mechanisms are becoming more common in identifying sources of error and improving practice.
